Political future markets, in which investors bet on election outcomes, are often thought a recent invention. Such … back to 16th Century Italy, 18th Century Britain, and 19th Century United States. In the United States, election betting …

governments. Using the random assignment of an innovative election fraud-reducing intervention in Afghanistan, we find that … decreasing electoral misconduct improves multiple survey measures of attitudes toward government, including: (1) whether …

expose different areas of the polity to controlled informational treatments about the valence and ideology of the incumbent … ideology. We find that both valence and ideological messages affect the first and second moments of the belief distribution …, but only campaigning on valence brings more votes to the incumbent. With respect to ideology, cross-learning occurs, as …

strength of partisan identification. Moreover, the model makes many nuanced predictions about the patterns of ideology in …

is centered in trade-exposed local labor markets and that commences prior to the divisive 2016 U.S. presidential election …