. The preceding results hold when Northern innovation is endogenously determined; in addition, the rate of innovation …

protection within a specified time period as part of the TRIPS Agreement. However, members retained the right to impose price … product level, selection into TRIPS "treatment" is exogenously determined by compliance deadlines that vary across countries … discrimination across countries has increased for drugs patented post-TRIPS and prices are negatively related to the burden of …

-specific pre-colonial institutions in shaping comparative regional development in Africa. We utilize information on the spatial …

In this paper we evaluate the impact of colonialism on development in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the world context … negative effect on development in Africa. To develop this claim we distinguish between three sorts of colonies: (1) those which …

We examine the effect of malaria on economic development in Africa over the very long run. Using data on the prevalence … of the mutation that causes sickle cell disease we measure the impact of malaria on mortality in Africa prior to the …

effect on income. However, in Africa rugged terrain afforded protection to those being raided during the slave trades. Since … the slave trades retarded subsequent economic development, in Africa ruggedness has also had a historical indirect … for Africa the indirect positive effect dominates the direct negative effect. Looking within Africa, we also provide …

Africa and Latin America secured their independence from European colonial rule a century and half apart: most of Latin … America after 1820 and most of Africa after 1960. Despite the distance in time and space, they share important similarities … about a half-century (lost decades). The parallels suggest that Africa might be exiting from a period of post …