-specific characteristics such as the level of political freedom are taken into account. Political freedom is shown to explain terrorism, but it … does so in a non-monotonic way: countries in some intermediate range of political freedom are shown to be more prone to … terrorism than countries with high levels of political freedom or countries with highly authoritarian regimes. This result …

specialization of countries within GVCs in a world with barriers to international trade. With costly trade, the optimal location of … trade costs affect the extent to which various countries participate in domestic, regional or global value chains, and …

How large are the intra-national trade costs that separate consumers in remote locations of developing countries from … to estimate trade costs, we: (i) work exclusively with a sample of goods that are identified at the barcode-level (to … in our sample (to focus only on the pairs of locations that actually identify trade costs); and (iii) use estimates of …

What drives globalization today and in the past? We employ a new micro-founded measure of bilateral trade costs based … on a standard model of trade in differentiated goods to address this question. These trade costs gauge the difference … between observed bilateral trade and frictionless trade. They comprise tariffs, transportation costs and all other factors …

This paper surveys the measurement of trade costs --- what we know, and what we don't know but may usefully attempt to … find out. Partial and incomplete data on direct measures of costs go together with inference on implicit costs from trade … flows and prices. Total trade costs in rich countries are large. The ad valorem tax equivalent is about 170% when pushing …