This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms' backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from … associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified …, as well as those used in firm basic research. We also find that firms' patenting and citing strategies affect patent …

references in patent specifications. These references are common and algorithmically extractable. Critically, they are very … academic articles are in the patent text, and 31% of in-text citations are on the front page. We explain these differences by …

's that received National Institutes of Health Phase II Small Business Innovation Research awards between 1992 and 2001, we … entrepreneurs with business backgrounds, who are more likely to patent their intellectual capital. We also find that when …

This paper examines patterns of knowledge diffusion from US and Japan to Korea and Taiwan using patent citations as an … inventors tend to learn evenly from both US and Japanese inventors. The frequency of a Korean patent citing a Japanese patent is … almost twice that of the frequency of a Taiwanese patent citing a Japanese patent. We also find that a patent is much more …

We examine the home bias of international knowledge spillovers as measured by the speed of patent citations (i …

departure. In contrast, article-to-patent citations, and especially patent-to-patent citations, decline at the origin location …

disproportionately. Specifically, patent citations are interpreted as mapping the transmission of knowledge from the cited invention to … the citing invention. The localization of patent citations is therefore taken as evidence that such knowledge transmission … is also localized. Localization of knowledge transmission, however, may not be the only reason for why patent citations …

. We identify research inputs based on a natural language analysis of 10 billion word and word sequence patent pairs in 6 …, we develop also a new measure of patent value. The measure distinguishes between citations that reflect the cumulative …