Standard economic theory says that unsecured, high-interest, short-term debt — such as borrowing via credit cards and … income shock of unemployment. Instead, individuals smooth their credit card debt and overdrafts by adjusting consumption. We … first use detailed longitudinal information on debit and credit card transactions, account balances, and credit lines from a …

Do the stringent formal sector borrowing requirements common in many developing countries restrict credit access …, technology adoption, and welfare? When a Kenyan dairy's savings and credit cooperative randomly offered some farmers the …

This study argues that economic vulnerability causes citizens to participate in clientelism, a phenomenon with various … typically have more resources for clientelism. Findings are observed not only during the election campaign, but also a full year …

We study the causes and consequences of patronage in Brazilian cities since the country's re-democratization. We test … patronage for public finances. Our data consist of the universe of public sector employees merged with their party affiliations …, and a dynamic regression discontinuity design is applied to disentangle patronage from the growing political participation …