investigates empirically the consequences of lobbying competition between upstream and downstream producers for trade policy. The … with lobbying competition. Importantly, accounting for lobbying competition also alters substantially estimates of the …

,' which are about 60 percent of world output. Given all the attention that 'globalization' has received from scholars … over the last two decades, but it was still, in 1990, only about 7 percent of world output. The share was higher, at 15 …

of China into the world economy may hurt countries that are driven to specialize in production due to HMEs, although …

markets. One of the distinguishing features of the R&D globalization phenomenon is its concentration within the software … three important phenomena: (1) the globalization of R&D, (2) the growing importance of software and IT to firm innovation … large quantities of STEM workers who possessed IT and software skills. Our findings support the view that the globalization …