The paper seeks to understand the impact of the patent system on innovation by examining shifts in the strength of … patent protection across sixty countries and a 150-year period. An examination of 177 policy changes reveals that … strengthening patent protection appears to have few positive effects on patent applications by entities in the country undertaking …

of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This may lead to more research on drugs to … those already offering such protection the situation offers a unique opportunity to examine the incentive role of patent … provides a baseline' against which future research activity can be compared once the new global patent regime is fully …

A patent only protects an innovator from others producing the same product, but it does not protect him from others … within-patent competition, which results from production of the same product, and betweenpatent competition, which results … effects of intellectual property regulations on within -patent competition by showing how protecting innovative returns from …

technologies. How will patent protection affect this process? In this paper we first review the evidence on the role of patents for … innovation and international technology transfer in general. The literature suggests that patent protection in a host country … externalities, implies that patent protection may not be the optimal instrument for encouraging innovation in this area, especially …

We study how the market for innovation affects enforcement of patent rights. Conventional wisdom associates the gains … from trade with comparative advantage in manufacturing or marketing. We show that these gains imply that patent … transactions should increase litigation risk. We identify a new source of gains from trade, comparative advantage in patent …

after the end of the process and fully exploit their bargaining leverage, then patent holders aspire to disclose always … after the end of the process. However, if a patent holder cannot rely on the other participants to always contribute to the … cross-licensing agreements that eliminate the strategic aspect of patent disclosure, and show that, in an institutional …

It may be advantageous to provide a variety of kinds of patent protection to heterogenous innovations. Innovations … protection in order to be encouraged. We model the problem of designing an optimal patent menu (scope and length) when the … fertility of an innovation in generating more innovations cannot be observed. The menu of patent scope can be implemented with …

patent histories and R&D expenditures, after controlling for other firm-specific variables including size and likelihood of …