to go to war with each other, even after controlling for a wide set of measures of geographic distance and other factors …

Although most disputes between groups of people are settled peacefully, sometimes disputes result in war. This lecture … have to contend, and on the permanence of the outcome of a potential war. The lecture also contrasts the possibilities for …

mortality selection. The majority of empirical analyses find frailer survivors. I find heterogeneous effects. Among severely … stressed former Union Army POWs, which effect dominates 35 years after the end of the Civil War depends on age at imprisonment …. Among survivors to 1900, those younger than 30 at imprisonment faced higher older age mortality and morbidity and worse …

of female rule on war among European polities over the 15th-20th centuries. We utilize gender of the first born and … more likely to engage in war than polities led by kings. Moreover, the tendency of queens to engage as aggressors varied by … division of labor. These asymmetries, which reflected prevailing gender norms, ultimately enabled queens to pursue more …

goods. We use linguistic trees, describing the genealogical relationship between the entire set of 6,912 world languages, to …