The number of refugees worldwide is now 12 million, up from 3 million in the early 1970s. And the number seeking asylum …-receiving countries and for the refugees themselves …

following Turkey's financial crisis in 2001, but then started moving in the opposite direction in the second half of 2000s. This … military's influence and the broadening of effective political participation. As Turkey-European Union relations collapsed and …-paced and lower-quality growth Turkey has been experiencing since about 2007 …

identify refugees from the larger group of immigrants to examine the outcomes of refugees relocated to the U.S. Among young … adults, we show that refugees that enter the U.S. before age 14 graduate high school and enter college at the same rate as … natives. Refugees that enter as older teenagers have lower attainment with much of the difference attributable to language …

of noted refugee waves such as the Mariel Boatlift in Miami and post-Soviet refugees to Israel. We show that conflicting …