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Providing clean water requires maintenance, as well as the initial connections that are typically measured. Frequently, the water supply fails in the developing world, especially when users don't pay the marginal cost of water. This paper uses the timing of frequent, unexpected water service...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012947661
In the half century since the founding of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, public and private U.S. sources have spent nearly $5 trillion ($2017) to provide clean rivers, lakes, and drinking water, or annual spending of 0.8 percent of U.S. GDP in most years. Yet over half of rivers and...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012866179
The Clean Water Act (CWA) significantly improved surface water quality, but at a cost exceeding the estimated benefits. We quantify the effect of the CWA on a direct measure of health. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we compare birth weight upstream and downstream from wastewater...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014260618
The paper provides an integrated framework to assess water markets in terms of their institutional underpinnings and the three 'pillars' of integrated water resource management: economic efficiency, equity and environmental sustainability. This framework can be used: (1) to benchmark different...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013069511
U.S. National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) award program. Based on this …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012750210
innovation endogenously determines the dynamics of technology, and, therefore, market leadership and trade flows, in a world with … innovation motive, (ii) the expansionary innovation motive, and (iii) technology spillovers. The theoretical investigation …, dynamically, intensified globalization boosts domestic innovation through induced international competition. Accounting for …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012920880
the allocation and impacts of innovation subsidies, using the data from the China Employer Employee Survey (CEES). We find … that the innovation subsidies are preferentially allocated to state owned firms and politically connected firms. Of these … also find that the firms that receive innovation subsidies file and receive more patents, are more likely to introduce new …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012895014
A large number of countries around the world now provide some kind of tax incentive to encourage firms to undertake innovative activity. This paper presents the policy rationale for these incentives, discusses their design and potential effectiveness, and reviews the empirical evidence on their...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012871938
affect the overall rate at which innovation occurs in the economy. This essay provides an introduction to and review of the … research on social networks most relevant to innovation, with a particular focus on the earliest stages of the innovation … importance of social relationships to innovation or alter the patterns of relationships in ways that might promote innovation …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012955930
In this paper we document the patterns of labor market participation by women and ethnic minorities in venture capital firms and as founders of venture capital-backed startups. We show that from 1990-2016 women have been less than 10% of the entrepreneurial and venture capital labor pool,...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012964888