International disputes over subsidies are increasingly disrupting the world trading system. The creation of the WTO was … subsidies that violate existing WTO rules have led to the largest amount of authorized retaliation in GATT/WTO history. Yet the … rules with the creation of the WTO. Our results suggest that, although GATT subsidy rules were typically viewed as weak and …

Over the WTO years, the frequency of disputes and court rulings has trended downwards. Such trends are sometimes … offer evidence that the predictions of our model are consistent with WTO trade dispute data, and we take a first step …

to go to war with each other, even after controlling for a wide set of measures of geographic distance and other factors …

We argue that one major cause of the U.S. postwar baby boom was the rise in female labor supply during World War II. We … decisions. We use the model to assess the impact of the war on female labor supply and fertility in the decades following the … war. For the war generation of women, the high demand for female labor brought about by mobilization leads to an increase …

have argued that trade makes war less likely, yet World War I erupted at a time of unprecedented globalization. This paper …Existing theories of pre-emptive war typically predict that the leading country may choose to launch a war on a … was Japan who launched a war against the West in 1941, not the West that pre-emptively attacked Japan. Similarly, many …

This paper measures the effects of the risk of war on nine U.S. financial variables using a heteroskedasticity …-based estimation technique. The results indicate that increases in the risk of war cause declines in Treasury yields and equity prices …, a widening of lower-grade corporate spreads, a fall in the dollar, and a rise in oil prices. This war risk factor …