beyond traditional capital-structure determinants. First, managers who believe that their firm is undervalued view external … financing as overpriced, especially equity. Such overconfident managers use less external finance and, conditional on accessing …

What external control mechanisms are most effective in detecting corporate fraud? To address this question we study in … depth all reported cases of corporate fraud in companies with more than 750 million dollars in assets between 1996 and 2004 …. We find that fraud detection does not rely on one single mechanism, but on a wide range of, often improbable, actors …

legal record are more likely to perpetrate fraud. In contrast, we do not find a relation between executives' frugality and … the propensity to perpetrate fraud. However, as predicted, we find that unfrugal CEOs oversee a relatively loose control … environment characterized by relatively high probabilities of other insiders perpetrating fraud and unintentional material …