determinant of shipping costs. Improving port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces shipping costs by 12 percent … explain variations in port efficiency and find that they are linked to excessive regulation, the prevalence of organized crime …

that allows one to compare port efficiency measures of any kind across ports and, especially, over time. This paper … provides a new statistical method of uncovering port efficiency measures using U.S. Census data on imports into U.S. ports … evolution of port efficiencies over time and its effects on international trade flows and country-level growth …

groups. We exploit quasi-random variation in vessels in port from weather events far out in the ocean to estimate how port … traffic influences air pollution and human health. We find that one additional vessel in a port over a year leads to 3 ….0 hospital visits per thousand Black residents within 25 miles of the port and only 1.0 per thousand for whites. We assess a port …