This article studies how liability for environmentally harmful discharges affects the incentives of firms to engage in …

-O (EEIO) models include flows of both pollution and consumption of resources and energy. The present paper proposes a … complete characterization of the air pollution damage flows throughout the U.S. economy. Pollution intensity fell from 7 … percent of value-added in 1999 to 2 percent in 2011. The utility sector exhibits the highest ratio of pollution damage from …

harmful externalities, its actual use has been limited, mainly to the domain of pollution. Liability, in contrast, has great … importance in controlling harmful externalities. I compare the tax and liability here in theory and suggest that the conclusions … help to explain the observed predominance of liability over taxation, except in the area of pollution. The following …

Taxation and liability are compared here as means of controlling harmful externalities. It is emphasized that liability … liability does not require the state to determine expected harm - it requires only that injurers pay for harm that occurs …. However, taxation enjoys an advantage over liability: incentives under liability are diluted to the degree that injurers might …

This paper investigates the performance of liability rules in two-party stochastic externality problems where … polluter liability does not necessarily increase safety or efficiency in cases where the polluter is risk neutral. Complete … polluter liability is found to yield Pareto optimality. When either party is risk averse, an increase in polluter liability may …

Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson factor endowments model. We draw quite heavily from trade theory, but develop a simple pollution …This paper sets out a general equilibrium pollution and trade model to provide a framework for examination of the trade … and environment debate. The model contains as special cases a canonical pollution haven model as well as the standard …

, declining to under 10 percent in 2016. Second, accounting for pollution damage significantly affects growth rates. Prior to the …This paper estimates an augmented measure of national output inclusive of environmental pollution damage in the United … States economy over a 60-year period. The paper reports two primary findings. First, air pollution intensity declined …

protection, substantially expanded public access to pollution information, and dramatically increased households' awareness about … pollution issues. These transformations, in turn, triggered a cascade of household behavioral changes, including increases in … online searches for pollution-related topics, adjustments in day-to-day consumption patterns to avoid pollution exposure, and …

can establish the overall pollution-reduction goal for a cap-and-trade system by setting the cap, and leave it up to the … theory and in practice. A number of factors can call the independence property into question theoretically, including market …