data from New York City, which assigns accountability grades to schools based on student achievement, I perform a … find that a lower accountability grade decreases teacher turnover and increases joining teachers' quality. A likely channel … is that accountability pressures induce increases in principal effort at lower-graded schools, especially among high …

transparency in fiscal transfer systems can increase accountability and reduce corruption in the implementation of a workfare …

universal service, and allow us to shed light on its determinants. The evidence suggests that both technology and management …