society. Our chapter revises the standard Tocquevillian account of associational freedom in the early United States by … accentuating the role of state courts and legislatures in the creation and regulation of nineteenth-century American nonprofit …

that they posed a threat to competition and even to society; (4) The data link the disappearance of business groups to … new ones. Thus, a multi-pronged reform agenda, sustained by a supportive political climate, created an economy of …

This paper explores the origins and effects of occupational licensing regulation in late nineteenth and early twentieth … century America. Was licensing regulation introduced to limit competition in the market for professional services at the …

During the Progressive Era at the beginning of the 20th century, the United States replaced litigation by regulation as … enforcement strategy between litigation and regulation based on the idea that justice can be subverted with sufficient expenditure … environment of significant inequality of wealth and political power. The switch to regulation can then be seen as an efficient …

political economy. The distinguishing feature of colonial investment in this model is that the metropolitan government restricts …