Zoning has been cited as a discriminatory policy tool by critics, who argue that ordinances are used to deter the entry … of minority residents into majority neighborhoods through density restrictions (exclusionary zoning) and locate … complicated by the fact that land use and zoning have been co-evolving for nearly a century in most American cities, rendering …

associated with greater regulation appears to outweigh any benefits from improved quality-of-life. …

likely to use fiscal zoning to attract retailing. We find that total retail employment is not significantly affected by local …