-specific demand versus "primary" or industry-wide demand; 2) impacts drug costs; and 3) impacts competition. Empirical evidence from … suggestive evidence that it may even be mildly pro-competitive. With respect to costs, some studies suggests that consumer … costs. While most of these effects point to potential welfare improvements as a result of pharmaceutical promotion, there is …

percentile of value added had, on average, shorter length of stay (4.76 vs 5.08 days), lower total costs ($17,811 vs $19,822) and …

costs as a large number of physicians choose to integrate pharmacies into their practices in order to become exempt from the …

increased distance raises infant mortality rates and stronger evidence that it increases deaths from unintentional injuries and …

predict drug response, may impact drug development times, attrition rates, costs, and the future returns to research and … expected drug development costs (via higher probabilities of technical success, shorter clinical development times, and smaller …

admission is privately insured, lowering costs for the individual. Despite some crowd-out of charity care for private insurance …