among their children. In contrast, intra vivos gifts are usually unequal. These findings challenge the validity of existing …

low female labor force participation. We model three channels of religious effects on demand for children: through … church attendance and clergy employment for thirteen European countries from 1960-2000, spanning the Second Vatican Council …, controlling for secular trends. They are large: 300 to 400 children per nun. Reduced religiosity (measured by church attendance …

Parents may have important effects on their children, but little work in economics explores whether children …'s schooling opportunities crowd out or encourage parents' investment in children. We analyze data from the Head Start Impact Study … substantial increase in parents' involvement with their children--such as time spent reading to children, math activities, or days …

subsidy for infra-marginal children). We find a significant and positive price effect on fertility: the mean level of marginal … subgroups, including the ultra-Orthodox Jewish population, whose social and religious norms discourage family planning. There is …

Parents preferring sons tend to go on to have more children until one or more boys are born, and to concentrate … offer new evidence of sibling rivalry and gender bias in family settings that has not been detected in the literature. …

contraceptives increased their children's college completion, labor force participation, wages, and family incomes decades later. …This paper assembles new evidence on some of the longer-term consequences of U.S. family planning policies, defined in … second, the expansion of federal funding for local family planning programs from 1964 to 1973. Building on previous research …