Industrial policies (IPs) include such varying practices as production subsidies, export subsidies, and import …

Direct empirical evidence on whether domestic consumers or foreign exporters bear the burden of a country's import … impact on the import price, whereas about 40 percent of a tariff increase is passed through to consumer prices and 60 percent …

hundreds of 4 digit nonagricultural tariffs and quotas. In 3 of 9 countries, the distortion effect reverses the impact of the …

exchange controls and reduced import tariffs from an average in excess of 100% to a uniform 10% tariff. Later the tariff was …

difference-in-differences estimation, controlling for both country and product-level import surges at the time of onset. This … chosen to not include "import-sensitive" products, and despite the general challenges of transaction costs in African … manufactured products covered by AGOA. These import responses grew over time and were the largest in product categories where the …

combine high and uneven import tariffs with export promotion. Additionally, the role of supporting policies to assure the … when import-substitution ideas were supported by the Economic Commission for Latin America to the 1990s when liberal … regimes were embraced. A careful distinction is made between policies based on strict import substitution and policies that …