Corruption and imperfect contract enforcement dramatically reduce trade. This paper estimates the reduction, using a …

are desperate, vulnerable, or demanding services particularly prone to corruption. The effect is strongest for bribery of …

This paper utilizes a micro-level data set from 49 countries to address three issues: What determines corruption at the … individual level? What determines the perception of the extent of corruption in the country? Does corruption have a direct impact … corruption which portrays the extent of corruption as revealed byindividuals who live in those countries. The results show that …

threats, corruption, and other relevant controls. While growth falls with higher levels of military spending, given the values …

have smaller welfare-state programs and less corruption. Other results present puzzles for future research: the adjustment …

literature: corruption may affect a country's composition of capital inflows in a way that makes it more likely to experience a …

Is corruption systematically related to electoral rules? A number of studies have tried to uncover economic and social … determinants of corruption but, as far as we know, nobody has yet empirically investigated how electoral systems ináuence … corruption. We try to address this lacuna in the literature, by relating corruption to dierent features of the electoral system …