We explore the relationship between proximity of buyers and sellers and the organizational form of outsourcing …. Outsourcing can be "contractual" in which suppliers undertake specific investments or involve "generic" market transactions …

not accounted for by differences in workers' characteristics, occupations, nor for differences in the employers' locations …

Does the offshoring of production degrade or enhance the innovative capabilities of manufacturing firms? We contribute … products to China. We find causal evidence that offshoring impacts both the level and nature of innovation. In the technologies … evidence of a second-order positive effect of offshoring on the levels of innovation--particularly product innovation--in other …

U.S. manufacturing employment. Our findings suggest that offshoring by multinationals was a key driver of the observed …