that keep them from reducing poverty and inequality. To perform this assessment, we analyze three dimensions of size …: conditional cash transfers, non-contributory pensions, and other transfers. We use an international poverty line of 6.85 dollars … PPP per day (similar to the average national poverty line of upper middle-income countries) and adjust survey weights to …

. One reason is that carbon taxes can aggravate poverty by increasing prices of basic goods and services such as food …, heating, and commuting. Meanwhile, cash transfer programs have been established as some of the most efficient poverty …

poverty were very similar. In 2021 and 2022, however, changes in income and consumption poverty were quite different …--consumption poverty fell less than income poverty in 2021, and then income poverty rose sharply in 2022 while consumption poverty … measures appears to be saving during the pandemic followed by dissaving, even among those near the poverty line. This finding …

living in poverty. Households with a beneficiary increased their level of consumption by 44 percent. The program improved …