increase retirement savings. However, gauging the relative efficacy of these approaches is challenging because the supporting … rates, active choice, and automatic enrollment) designed to increase retirement savings. Consistent with previous literature …, we find sizable effects of savings interventions on participation and cumulative contributions that increase with the …

savings are smaller than the short-run effects, with some savings financed via debt. I also review efforts to expand access to … employer-based retirement savings and liquid savings, the pros and cons of target date funds as default investment options …

-best strategy, we examine alternative options with principal component analysis. Future retirees rarely accumulate long-term savings …, do not use dedicated instruments, and they start to save additionally far too late. Savings are concentrated in wealthier …

-cost intervention that substantially simplifies the retirement savings plan participation decision. Individuals received an opportunity … to enroll in a retirement savings plan at a pre-selected contribution rate and asset allocation, allowing them to … increase contribution rates among employees who are already participating in a savings plan …