The Late Middle Ages (c.1300–c.1500) saw the development of many of the key economic institutions of the modern unitary nation-state in Europe. After the ‘commercial revolution’ of the thirteenth century, taxes on trade became increasingly significant contributors to government finances,...

This study explores the interaction between trade and geography in shaping the Islamic economic doctrine. We build a model where an unequal distribution of land quality in presence of trade opportunities conferred differential gains from trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior by...

Business cycles reflect changes over time in the amount of trade between individuals. In this paper we show that incorporating explicitly intra-temporal gains from trade between individuals into a macroeconomic model can provide new insight into the potential mechanisms driving economic...

1. Introduction: Snapshots of Global Gold Mining -- PART 1: TRENDS IN GLOBAL GOLD PRODUCTION -- 2. Theorizing the Global Gold Production System -- 3. Global Expansion -- 4. Informalization -- 5. Technological Innovation -- PART 2: GLOBAL GOLD PRODUCTION TOUCHING GROUND -- 6. Brazil: Garimpagem,...

1 Framework of the SREB Initiative -- 2 Connectivity Construction -- 3 Trade and Investment Facilitation -- 4 Industrial Cooperation and Upgrading -- 5 Construction and Upgrading of Urbanization in Western China -- 6 Regionalization and Internationalization of Currency -- 7 Guarantee Mechanism...

In this paper, we empirically assess the causal links between trade and individual income risk and study the role that human capital plays in this relationship using a rich, worker-level, longitudinal data set from Germany spanning 1976 to 2012. Our estimates suggest substantial heterogeneity in...

Collective reputation implies an important externality. Among firms trading internationally, quality shocks about one firm's products could affect the demand of other firms from the same origin country. We study this issue in the context of a large-scale scandal that affected the Chinese dairy...

1. Introduction -- 2. Economic Development, Sustainable Development and Agriculture -- 3. Sustainability of Agricultural Systems -- 4. Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture in Developing Countries -- 5. Challenges of Sustainable Agricultural Development in High-Income Countries -- 6. Pathways to...

This paper documents the rise of the Internet as a source of state-tax-free cigarettes and its impact on taxed sales elasticities. Using data on cigarette tax rates, taxable cigarette sales and individual smoking rates by state from 1980 to 2005 merged with data on Internet penetration, the...

This paper explores the dynamics of the transfer of U.S. patents and the significance of the initial missallocation of patent property rights. Here we find that the initial missallocation of patent property rights is large and differs substantially across patentees and technology fields. We also...