This paper presents evidence on the cost-effectiveness of early childhood education pathways in rural Indonesia. It … enrollment histories, it unpacks whether and how early education experiences explain these gaps. The analysis considers not only …. The differences in primary school test scores between a child who has no early education exposure and a child who …

maternal education. Increasingly, higher-SES children spend less time with their parents and more time in the care of others …

childhood education falls short of sufficiently answering fundamental questions about what works for whom and why. A tighter …

randomized to receive a new preschool and parent education program focused on cognitive and non-cognitive skills (CogX) or to a … control group that did not receive preschool education. In addition to a typical academic year (9 month) program, we also … Kindergarten. Both programs, including the shortened version, significantly improved cognitive test scores by about one quarter of …

provide more cognitive stimulation to children with higher education polygenic scores. This pattern varies by socioeconomic …