Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after … family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we … together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We …

the preschool and school-aged children of working women during WWII. It remains, to this day, the only example in US … increasing the labor supply of mothers during WWII. Our information is at the city or town level and includes war contracts, the … size of and expenditures on the childcare program, and the "reserve labor force" of mothers as of 1939. We find that the …

; is U-shaped in age and un-trended over time in the USA although they are trended up in a number of EU countries and …