children born to less educated and minority mothers are more likely to be exposed to pollution in utero and that white, college … educated mothers are particularly responsive to changes in environmental amenities. I estimate that differences in exposure to … toxic releases may explain 6% of the gap in incidence of low birth weight between infants of white college educated mothers …

controlling for maternal scores, there are significant gaps in the scores of black and white children which suggests that maternal …, conditional on maternal AFQT. We argue that racial gaps in test scores matter because even within families, children with higher …