Finnish bioeconomy and b) a study of the composition and changes of employment in the German bioeconomy in comparison to the … the bioeconomy atypical forms of employment occur more often while overall job numbers are declining. …

reduces the employment level, the share of employment in the population, the hourly wage, the interindustry wage premium, and … the share of informal employment. The industry-level results indicate that a rise in import penetration from either China … or the rest of the world (ROW) reduced the employment level, hourly wage, and share of informal employment while …

Standard models suggest that adverse labor demand shocks will lead to bigger employment losses if institutional factors … explains the contrast between the United States, where real wages fell over the 1980s and aggregate employment expanded … vigorously, and Europe, where real wages were (roughly) constant and employment was stagnant. We test this hypothesis by …