During the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913), the US maintained an open border, absorbing 30 million European … negatively-selected return migrants. We show that assimilation patterns vary substantially across sending countries and persist …

Migration (1850-1913). Return migrants were somewhat negatively selected from the migrant pool: Norwegian immigrants who …We compile large datasets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return migration during the Age of Mass … moving to the US. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations than Norwegians who never moved …

a large archive of recorded oral history interviews to understand linguistic attainment of migrants who arrived in the … migrants achieved a greater depth of English vocabulary than did economic/family migrants, a finding that holds even when … comparing migrants from the same country of origin or religious group. This study improves on previous research on immigrant …

United States maintained open borders. Using a novel dataset of Norway-to-US migrants, we estimate the return to migration …The Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913) was among the largest migration episodes in history. During this period, the … while accounting for migrant selection across households by comparing migrants with their brothers who stayed in Norway. We …

Using two million census records, we document cultural assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration, a formative … unemployment, earned less and were more likely to marry foreign-born spouses …