I establish four facts regarding the pattern of NLRB supervised representation election activity over the past 45 years …: 1) the quantity of election activity has fallen sharply and discontinuously since the mid-70's after increasing between … forty years. I develop a simple optimizing model of the union decision to hold a representation election that can account …

can affect voter turnout and election outcomes. We do so using historical data on more than 2,000 races in Florida and … small effect on turnout. Similarly, we also show under a range of conservative assumptions that very few election results … or critics were true, strict identification laws are unlikely to have a meaningful impact on turnout or election outcomes …

levels of democracy. In developed countries, especially old democracies, election-year deficits actually reduce the … countries and in new democracies, but voters are affected by growth over the leader's term in office rather than in the election …

before the election. Our empirical results suggest that our model performs at least as well and often better than alternative …