The world economy has experienced four global recessions over the past seven decades: in 1975, 1982, 1991, and 2009 … internationally, with severe economic and financial disruptions in many countries around the world. The 2009 global recession, set off …

contributions to global trade growth have come from East Asian countries in the developing world and the Euro area in the developed … world. Merchandise trade, which in recent years has been less resilient than services trade, picked up, growing by 4 …

. Trade policy developments are mixed. Restrictive trade measures imposed during 2018 affected 3.8 percent of world …-for-tat tariffs between the United States and China alone affected 2.0 percent of world merchandise trade in 2018. Ongoing trade … a multilateral approach and World Trade Organization reforms …

labor regulation of partners because intraindustry trade was important. The New World exported less differentiated products …

the (less rich) Old World more equal. The evidence on the links between within-country inequality and globalization in the … the links between them. In doing so, it distinguishes between (a) the different dimensions of globalization; and (b …) between-country and within-country inequality. Theory suggests that globalization will have very different implications for …