Women are less financially literate than men. It is unclear whether this gap reflects a lack of knowledge or, rather, a … measuring financial knowledge, but when this response option is unavailable, they often choose the correct answer. We estimate a …-third of the financial literacy gender gap can be explained by women’s lower confidence levels. Both financial knowledge and …

have, on average, positive causal treatment effects on financial knowledge and downstream financial behaviors. Treatment …

own retirement security, this lack of knowledge has serious implications …

whether individuals have the financial knowledge and skills to navigate this new financial environment. To better understand … Survey. We have designed questions to measure numeracy and basic knowledge related to the working of inflation and interest … rates, as well as questions to measure more advanced financial knowledge related to financial market instruments (stocks …