We explore the relationship between proximity of buyers and sellers and the organizational form of outsourcing …. Outsourcing can be "contractual" in which suppliers undertake specific investments or involve "generic" market transactions …

In this paper, we develop a simple model of international outsourcing and apply it to processing trade in China. We …

correspond to an increase in outsourcing by multinationals from the United States and other Northern countries, is to shift …

We identify "first generation" statistics to measure offshoring as the share of imported intermediate inputs in costs … demand and relative wages due to offshoring. A limitation of these statistics is that they cannot be used to measure the … impact on real wages, and for that purpose, we need price-based measures of offshoring. More recently, "second generation …

When materials offshoring is measured by estimating imported intermediate inputs, a common assumption used is that an … the 3-digit I-O industry level, there is a correlation of 0.68 between the offshoring shares made with and without the …