This paper first documents trends in employment rates and then reviews what is known about the various factors that … have been proposed to explain the decline in the overall employment-to-population ratio between 1999 and 2016. Population … aging has had a notable effect on the overall employment rate over this period, but within-age-group declines in employment …

regulation raises the costs of employment adjustment and hence impedes employers' ability to respond to fluctuations in demand … adjustment of employment, hours and inventories to demand shocks in the German and U.S. manufacturing sectors. We find that, in … the short run, whereas U.S. employers rely principally on the adjustment of employment levels to respond to demand shocks …

This paper compares employment and hours adjustment in Japanese and U.S. manufacturing. In contrast to some previous … Japan; adjustment of employment is significantly greater in the United States, while that of average hours is about the same … in the two countries. Although workers in Japan enjoy greater employment stability than do U.S. workers, we find …

's employment arrangement and identify all low-hours work is critical for accurately measuring independent contractor work …