conversion rates between the Euro and the currencies of EMU" member states. Current EU legislation, notably the Maastricht treaty … bilateral currency conversion factors implied by the 1 January 1999 choices equal closing" market exchange rates on 31 December … Euro. " Unfortunately, most of these have potentially damaging side effects. One approach official Stage 2 offers of …

others used the gravity model on a much smaller data set to estimate the effects of the euro on trade among its members. The … that were estimated in the euro's first four years hold up in the second four years? The answer is yes. Second, and more … explanations for the gap between 15% and 200%. First, lags. The euro is still very young. Second, size. The European countries are …

but also spilled over beyond the euro area. Lower interest rates allowed peripheral countries to run bigger deficits … analyze the geography of international debt flows using multiple data sources and provide evidence that after the euro … euro area …

provision of lender of last resort facilities in the euro zone and the framework for supervising financial institutions. The … Growth Pact have been justified by the threat high debts might pose to the stability of the euro zone's financial markets. I …

, which is closer to European than the US is in its labor market and fiscal institutions. Europe's (and to some extent Canada … an alternative strategy based on a relaxed stability pact, further strictures against central EU borrowing, labor market …

to examine the earnings growth of college graduates relative to high school graduates during the 1970s depressed market …

The European Union and the United States operate different variants of market capitalism. The EU model uses social … dialogue institutions to help determine economic outcomes, particularly in the labor market, whereas the US relies more on … market forces. The theory of competitive markets provides a powerful framework for analyzing market driven economies and for …