direct investment by U.S. firms and the export trade of the United States, a subject of bitter controversy for at least the …

domestic sales and export flows. Spanish manufacturing firms whose domestic sales were reduced by more during the crisis … observed a larger increase in their export flows, even after controlling for firms' supply determinants (such as labor costs …). This negative relationship between demand-driven changes in domestic sales and changes in export flows illustrates the …

. First, the relationships between Japanese export levels and employment in foreign affiliates of Japanese MNCs are analyzed …, the paper examines the effects of the presence of affiliates of U.S. MNCs on Japanese export levels. And third, it …