find that policy uncertainty raises stock price volatility and reduces investment and employment in policy … foreshadow declines in investment, output, and employment in the United States and, in a panel VAR setting, for 12 major …

financial frictions induces the standard real-options effects on investment and hiring, but also leads firms to hoard cash …, further reducing investment and hiring. We then test the model using a panel of US firms and a novel instrumentation strategy …