We explore the relationship between proximity of buyers and sellers and the organizational form of outsourcing …. Outsourcing can be "contractual" in which suppliers undertake specific investments or involve "generic" market transactions …

Does the offshoring of production degrade or enhance the innovative capabilities of manufacturing firms? We contribute … products to China. We find causal evidence that offshoring impacts both the level and nature of innovation. In the technologies … evidence of a second-order positive effect of offshoring on the levels of innovation--particularly product innovation--in other …

Using the universe of large Canadian manufacturing firms in 1988 and 1996, we investigate to what extent outsourcing … outsourcing less likely; (ii) complementarities between the investments of the buyer and the seller are also associated with less … outsourcing; (iii) property rights predictions on the link between investment intensities and optimal ownership are only supported …

International outsourcing to lower cost countries such as China and India can best be understood through the enrichment … insights into the forces driving international outsourcing. The paper focuses on relationship-specific investment, incomplete … contracts, and also search and matching, as fundamental concepts that explain outsourcing decisions …