concludes with four lessons of history and an agenda for international economists, including more attention to the impact of …

document a "history effect" in which the pattern of holdings seven decades ago continues to influence holdings today. 10 to 15 … investment in such currencies. Our findings point to history and path dependence as key sources of financial market segmentation …

abundant Europe and the high-wage, labor scarce New World. Those global forces contributed to a reduction in unskilled labor … scarcity in the New World and to a rise in unskilled labor scarcity in Europe. Thus, it contributed to rising inequality in … overseas countries, like the United States, and falling inequality in most of Europe. Falling unskilled labor scarcity and …

spice markets were already well integrated with those in Iberia and northern Europe, implying that Portugal could not have … relative spice prices, that is, accounting for inflation. It also draws on evidence from Iberia and northern Europe. In …

The post-World War II reconstruction of Western Europe was one of the greatest economic policy and foreign policy … that transferred some $13 billion to Europe in the years 1948-51. We examine the economic effects of the Marshall Plan, and … role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe's rapid growth. The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid …