United States was once considerably more corrupt than it is today, then America's history should offer lessons about how to … from a series of essays for a conference volume, Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's History, for which this … paper is the introduction that attempt to understand the remarkable evolution of corruption and reform in U.S. history …

concludes with four lessons of history and an agenda for international economists, including more attention to the impact of …

monopolies, can explain much of the observed municipal ownership. However, the history of America's cities suggests that support …

abundant Europe and the high-wage, labor scarce New World. Those global forces contributed to a reduction in unskilled labor … scarcity in the New World and to a rise in unskilled labor scarcity in Europe. Thus, it contributed to rising inequality in … overseas countries, like the United States, and falling inequality in most of Europe. Falling unskilled labor scarcity and …

spice markets were already well integrated with those in Iberia and northern Europe, implying that Portugal could not have … relative spice prices, that is, accounting for inflation. It also draws on evidence from Iberia and northern Europe. In …

the U.S. and Europe. Another popular view is that these differences are explained by long-standing European "culture," but … the U.S. and Europe. These policies do not seem to have increased employment, but they may have had a more society …