use historical factors like education in 1928 or Congregationalism in 1890, as instruments for the level of schooling … uncorrelated with the size of government. There is a weak negative relationship between corruption and employment and income growth … political outcomes occurs because more education improves political institutions …

In the United States, religious attendance rises sharply with education across individuals, but religious attendance … declines sharply with education across denominations. This puzzle is explained if education both increases the returns to … social connection and reduces the extent of religious belief. The positive effect of education on sociability explains the …

This paper examines the decentralization of employment using zip code data on employment by industry. Most American … cities are decentralized on average less than 16 percent of employment in metropolitan areas is within a three mile radius of … impact employment density which suggests that local government policies significantly influence the location of industry …

's most persistent pockets of joblessness. Could a more even spatial distribution of innovation reduce American joblessness …? Could Federal policies disperse innovation without significant costs? If research funding is already maximizing knowledge … production, then spatial reallocation of that funding will reduce America's overall innovation unless that reallocation comes …

: local returns to scale in innovation, the elasticity of housing supply, and the importance of local amenities. Even if there … are global increasing returns, the returns to local scale in innovation may be decreasing, and that makes networks more …

This paper reviews recent academic work on the spatial concentration of entrepreneurship and innovation in the United … identify and discuss policies that are being pursued in the United States to encourage local entrepreneurship and innovation …