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Crisis Innovation Policy from World War II to COVID-19

Gross, Daniel P.; Sampat, Bhaven N. - National Bureau of Economic Research - 2021

Innovation policy can be a crucial component of governments' responses to crises. Because speed is a paramount objective, crisis innovation may also require different policy tools than innovation policy in non-crisis times, raising distinct questions and tradeoffs. In this paper, we survey the...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012585399

Organizational Frictions and Increasing Returns to Automation : Lessons from AT&T in the Twentieth Century

Feigenbaum, James J.; Gross, Daniel P. - National Bureau of Economic Research - 2021

AT&T was the largest U.S. firm for most of the 20th century. Telephone operators once comprised over 50% of its workforce, but in the late 1910s it initiated a decades-long process of automating telephone operation with mechanical call switching--a technology first invented in the 1880s. We...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012794608

Organizing Crisis Innovation : Lessons from World War II

Gross, Daniel P. - 2020

World War II was one of the most acute emergencies in U.S. history, and the first where the mobilization of science and …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012482128

The Economics of Crisis Innovation Policy : A Historical Perspective

Gross, Daniel P.; Sampat, Bhaven N. - National Bureau of Economic Research - 2021

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers, researchers, and journalists have made comparisons to World War II. In 1940, a group of top U.S. science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the Allied war effort, including significant investments in...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012482553

Poverty Traps, Distance, and Diversity : The Migration Connection

Williamson, Jeffrey G. - 2006

Within-country ethnic diversity in high-wage immigrant nations is driven by long distance migration. This paper documents the migration-diversity connection for the first global century before 1914 and the second global century after 1950. It distinguishes between ethnic diversity among the...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012466114

International Migration in the Long-Run : Positive Selection, Negative Selection and Policy

Hatton, Timothy J. - 2004

Most labor scarce overseas countries moved decisively to restrict their immigration during the first third of the 20th century. This autarchic retreat from unrestricted and even publicly-subsidized immigration in the first global century before World War I to the quotas and bans introduced...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012468164

Winners and Losers Over Two Centuries of Globalization

Williamson, Jeffrey G. - 2002

concludes with four lessons of history and an agenda for international economists, including more attention to the impact of …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012469549

"Convergence in the Age of Mass Migration"

Taylor, Alan M. - 1994

Between 1870 and 1913, economic convergence among present OECD members (or even a wider sample of countries) was dramatic, about as dramatic as it has been over the past century and a half. The convergence can be documented in GDP per worker-hour, GDP per capita and in real wages. What were the...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012474217

Inequality and Schooling Responses to Globalization Forces : Lessons from History

Williamson, Jeffrey G. - 2006

abundant Europe and the high-wage, labor scarce New World. Those global forces contributed to a reduction in unskilled labor … scarcity in the New World and to a rise in unskilled labor scarcity in Europe. Thus, it contributed to rising inequality in … overseas countries, like the United States, and falling inequality in most of Europe. Falling unskilled labor scarcity and …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012466110

Did Vasco da Gama Matter for European Markets? Testing Frederick Lane's Hypotheses Fifty Years Later

O'Rourke, Kevin H. - 2005

spice markets were already well integrated with those in Iberia and northern Europe, implying that Portugal could not have … relative spice prices, that is, accounting for inflation. It also draws on evidence from Iberia and northern Europe. In …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012466787