between appropriability mechanisms, innovation and firm-level productivity. We enrich this model in several ways. First, we … consider different types of innovation spending and study the differences in estimates when innovation spending (rather than R …&D spending) is used to predict innovation in the CDM model. Second, we assume that a firm simultaneously innovates and chooses …

innovative performance measured as turnover due to innovation, but not between patenting and subsequent employment growth. The …

on patents as an incentive for innovation, the effectiveness of patents for invention disclosure, patent valuation, and …