The immense literature on discrimination treats outcomes as relative: One group suffers compared to another. But does a …? This difference matters, as the relative importance of the types of discrimination and their inter-relation affect market … not contain the students' names, on average we find favoritism but no discrimination by nationality, and neither …

Economic theories of discrimination are usually based on tastes. The huge body of empirical studies, however, considers … examines tastes for discrimination directly, or considers people's willingness to trade off other characteristics to indulge …

Measuring market discrimination is extremely difficult except in the increasingly rare case where physical output … victory. This advantage can be interpreted either as reverse discrimination or as reflecting voters' beliefs that women are … possible to claim that differences in rewards for different groups measure the extent of discrimination or even its direction …

-work time is substantial and varies positively with the local unemployment rate. While average time spent by workers in non …-work conditional on any positive amount rises with the unemployment rate, the fraction of workers reporting positive values varies pro …-work with wage rates and measures of unemployment benefits in state data linked to the ATUS, and it is consistent with estimated …

of objectivity can overcome tendencies toward same-group favoritism/opposite-group discrimination …