The immense literature on discrimination treats outcomes as relative: One group suffers compared to another. But does a …? This difference matters, as the relative importance of the types of discrimination and their inter-relation affect market … not contain the students' names, on average we find favoritism but no discrimination by nationality, and neither …

Economic theories of discrimination are usually based on tastes. The huge body of empirical studies, however, considers … examines tastes for discrimination directly, or considers people's willingness to trade off other characteristics to indulge …