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The GATT's Starting Point : Tariff Levels circa 1947

Bown, Chad P. - 2015

How high were import tariffs when GATT participants began negotiations to reduce them in 1947? Establishing this starting point is key to determining how successful the GATT has been in bringing down trade barriers. If the average tariff level was about 40 percent, as commonly reported, the...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012456889

Trade Blocs, Currency Blocs and the Disintegration of World Trade in the 1930s

Eichengreen, Barry - 1993

favorable nor unfavorable implication for world trade; instead the balance of trade-creating and trade-diverting effects …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012474505

Trade Restrictiveness and Deadweight Losses from U.S. Tariffs, 1859-1961

Irwin, Douglas A. - 2007

This paper calculates the Anderson-Neary (2005) trade restrictiveness index (TRI) for the United States using nearly a century of data. The results show that the standard import-weighted average tariff understates the TRI, defined as the uniform tariff that yields the same welfare loss as the...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012465199

Tariff Incidence in America's Gilded Age

Irwin, Douglas A. - 2006

In the late nineteenth century, the United States imposed high tariffs to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. This paper examines the magnitude of protection given to import-competing producers and the costs imposed on export-oriented producers by focusing on changes in the...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012466532

Airbus versus Boeing Revisited : International Competition in the Aircraft Market

Irwin, Douglas A. - 2001

This paper examines international competition in the commercial aircraft industry. We estimate a discrete choice, differentiated products demand system for wide-body aircraft and examine the Airbus-Boeing rivalry under various assumptions on firm conduct. We then use this structure to evaluate...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012470067

Does Trade Raise Income? Evidence from the Twentieth Century

Irwin, Douglas A. - 2000

pre- World War I, the interwar, and the post-war periods, this paper finds that the Frankel-Romer result is robust to …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012471005

Is Globalization Today Really Different than Globalization a Hunderd Years Ago?

Bordo, Michael D. - 1999

for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012471593

The Trade Reform Wave of 1985-1995

Irwin, Douglas A. - National Bureau of Economic Research - 2022

The decade from 1985 to 1995 was an unprecedented period of declining barriers to global trade. The reform wave was especially pronounced in developing countries where overvalued currencies were eliminated, quantitative import restrictions dismantled, and import tariffs reduced. What accounts...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013191068

The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression : Who Succumbed and Why?

Eichengreen, Barry - 2009

The Great Depression was marked by a severe outbreak of protectionist trade policies. But contrary to the presumption that all countries scrambled to raise trade barriers, there was substantial cross-country variation in the movement to protectionism. Specifically, countries that remained on the...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012463508

Interpreting the Tariff-Growth Correlation of the Late Nineteenth Century

Irwin, Douglas A. - 2002

Recent research has documented a positive relationship between tariffs and growth in the late nineteenth century. Such a correlation does not establish a causal relationship between tariffs and growth, but it is tempting to view the correlation as constituting evidence that protectionist or...

Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012469976