between the racial composition of a city's police force and the racial patterns of arrests and crime. Increases in the number … police officers has a less clear-cut impact on crime rates. It appears that own-race policing may be more effective in … reducing property crime, but no systematic differences are observed for violent crime. These results are consistent either with …

Private expenditures on crime reduction have potentially important externalities. Observable measures such as barbed …-wire fences and deadbolt locks may shift crime to those who are unprotected, imposing a negative externality. Unobservable …, any decrease in the aggregate crime rates due to Lojack is an externality from the perspective of the individual Lojack …

A strong, negative empirical correlation exists between arrest rates and reported crime rates. While this relationship …, and/or a spurious correlation that would be induced by measurement error in reported crime rates. This paper attempts to … arrest rates and crime. Using a modified version of the techniques of Griliches and Hausman (1986) for dealing with …

Previous studies of the impact of changes in prisoner populations on crime rates have failed to adequately control for … the simultaneity between those two variables. While increases in the number of prisoners are likely to reduce crime …, rising crime rates also translate into larger prison populations. To break that simultaneity, this paper uses the status of …

Previous empirical studies have typically uncovered little evidence that police reduce crime. One problem with those … studies is a failure to adequately deal with the simultaneity between police and crime: while police may or may not reduce … crime, there is little doubt that expenditures on police forces are an increasing function of the crime rate. In this study …