mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively … that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams …

Students starting at a two-year college are much less likely to graduate with a college degree than similar students … of peer ability for most two-year and four-year colleges in the United States- the average PSAT of enrolled students. We … between students who start at two-year versus four-year institutions is explained by differences in peers, leaving room for …

probability of attending a 4-year college for low-income high school students …

We provide the first estimated economic impacts of students' access to an entire sector of public higher education in …-year institutions boosts students' household income around age 30 by 20 percent, and has even larger impacts for those from low income …

Does access to four-year colleges affect degree completion for students who would otherwise attend two-year colleges … to this sector increases four-year college enrollment and college quality, largely by diverting students from two …-year colleges. Access substantially increases bachelor's degree completion rates for these relatively low-skilled students. SAT …