Many believe that increasing the quantity of children will lead to a decrease in their quality. This paper exploits … significantly increased school enrollment of first-born children by approximately 16 percentage-points. The effect is larger for … households where the children are of the same sex …

household heads, care-givers of children, and their teachers and schools. We analysed results from 9,947 children, aged 7 …-17, tested for literacy and numeracy competency. Only 27% of children were able to add two single digits, and just 19% were able … to read and comprehend a simple word. Our unannounced school checks found 72% of enrolled children in grades 1 …

the family farm or provide care and assistance around the house). However, children themselves may prefer to migrate when … limit investments in some children's education so that they will not find it optimal to migrate when they reach maturity … attractiveness of migration for educated children. Consistent with the model, in response to the treatment we find declines in school …

stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children's poor performance in school in order to deter … such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in … later-born children. Taken together, these patterns are consistent with a reputation model of strategic parenting …